Organization of Forensic Science Laboratories of Centre and State, NCRB and NICFS.

Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs)
  • Operated by the Government of India under the Directorate of Forensic Science Services, providing expertise in various forensic disciplines to support national investigations.

State Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs)
  • Managed by individual states, assisting local law enforcement agencies.

NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau)

  • Collects, compiles, and maintains crime data, supporting data-driven policymaking.
  • Works under the Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Established in 1986
  • NCRB plays a crucial role in modernizing police operations and supporting policymaking by offering reliable crime statistics and insights.

1. Objectives and Functions

  • Data Collection and Analysis: Collects crime statistics from all states and union territories, producing annual reports like the Crime in India report.
  • Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS): Launched to digitize and connect police stations nationwide, CCTNS facilitates data sharing and efficient case management.
  • Integrated Database Systems: NCRB manages databases such as the National Fingerprint Database (Automated Fingerprint Identification System – AFIS) and a central repository for cybercrime data.

2. Key Publications and Reports

  • Crime in India: Comprehensive report providing data on crime trends, offenses, conviction rates, and demographics of criminals.
  • Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India (ADSI): Annual report covering non-crime fatalities like suicides, road accidents, and natural disasters.
  • Prison Statistics India: Offers insights into prison demographics, capacities, and the socio-economic backgrounds of inmates.

3. Technological Initiatives and Training

  • National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS): A digitized fingerprint database, aiding in identity verification and investigation.
  • National Cybercrime Training Centre (NCTC): An online training platform for law enforcement to enhance cybercrime investigation skills.
  • Coordination and Capacity-Building: NCRB conducts training sessions for police officers on data management, crime analytics, and cyber forensics.

4. Importance in Law Enforcement and Policy

  • Policy Support: Provides data-driven insights for formulating and evaluating crime prevention policies.
  • Enhanced Investigation: Facilitates sharing of critical information across states, improving inter-state crime investigation and tracking.
  • Public Awareness: NCRB’s reports serve as a reference for researchers, policymakers, and the public, contributing to transparency and awareness about crime trends in India.
NICFS (Now NFSU)
  • Trains forensic professionals and conducts research in criminology and forensic sciences.
  • Established in 4 January 1972
  • 1972-1976 was under BPRD, Later independent department under MHA
  • Named as NICFS in 1991, Renamed as LNJN in 2003
  • Started teaching courses in 2004
Fundamental Rights: Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18) 
  • Art. 14: Equality before law and equal protection of laws
  • State can’t deny to any person right to Equality
  • Available to both citizens and foreigners
  • Exceptions
    • President, art.361
    • Governor, art.361
    • Foreign diplomats, ambassadors, sovereigns
    • Members of parliament, art.105
    • Members of state legislatures, art.194
    • Implementation of certain DPSP, 31c

Equality before law

Equal protection of laws

  • Negative concept: Rich people of high class gets same punishment as poor,no immunity
  • Means rule of law ( A.V.Dicey)
  • Taken from U.K const.
  • Positive concept: All persons in similar conditions & circumstances treated alike
  • Means discrimination can be done between groups but not within groups
  • Taken from U.S const.
  • Art. 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of Religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
  • Access to public shops, restaurants, hotels & places of public entertainment
  • Use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads & places wholly or partially maintained by gov.
  • Exceptions
    • Special provisions for women & children
    • Provisions for advancement of socially & educationally backward classes { 1 C.A.A, 1951 }
    • Provisions for admission of socially & educationally backward classes in educational institution including private { 93 C.A.A, 2004 }
  • Art. 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
  • State can prescribe necessary qualifications & recruitment tests
  • Posts may reserved for residents of state
  • Reservation of seats for backward classes
  • Promotion on basis of consequential seniority { 85 C.A.A, 2001 & 77 C.A.A, 1995 }
  • Separate vacancy for backlog for backward classes { 81 C.A.A, 2000 }
  • Art. 17: Abolition of untouchability
  • Prohibition of its practice in any form
  • Untouchability (offences) act, 1955
  • Civil rights (protection) act, 1976

Offences

Punishments

  • Refusal of admission in public institutions
  • Insulting
  • Prohibition in worship & its places
  • Min. 6 months or ₹500 or both
  • Debarred from contesting elections
  • Cognizable offence( No warrant req.)
  • Non-Compoundable( No compromise)
  • Art. 18: Abolition of titles
  • Military & academic titles permitted
  • Citizens can’t accept foreign titles
  • Foreigners can accept after president’s consent
Right of Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) as per the Constitution of India
  • Art. 19: Guarantees 6 rights
  1. Speech & expression
  2. Assemble peacefully without arms
  3. Form association, unions & co-operatives{97th C.A.A, 2011}
  4. Move freely within territory of india
  5. Reside & settle in any part of india
  6. Practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, business or trade
  • Art. 20: Protection in respect of conviction of offences
  • No ex-post facto law
  • No double jeopardy
  • No self incrimination
  • Art. 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
  • Right to
    • Live with human dignity
    • Livelihood
    • First aid
    • Free legal aid
    • Against handcuffing
    • Privacy 
    • Travel abroad
  • Art. 21 A: Right to education
  • Free & compulsory edu.
  • Earlier part of DPSP 45
  • 6-14 yrs : elementary & primary edu.
  • Embedded by 86th C.A.A, 2002
  • RTE(Right to education) act, 2009
    • 2005: Bill drafted
    • 2009: Passed
    • 1 April 2010: Enforced
    • 25% quota in private schools for SC/ST/OBC/Disabled
  • Art. 22: Protection against arrest & detention

Punitive 

Preventive 

  • Available for ordinary laws
  • Punishment after trial & conviction by court
  • Applicable after crime is committed
  • Produced before magistrate (duty magistrate or at house) within 24 hours of arrest
  • Grounds of detention communicated
  • Available for preventive laws
  • Detention without trial &  conviction by court
  • Applicable before crime is committed
  • 3 months max. or HC permission for extension
  • Grounds of detention communicated
  • Preventive detention Act 1953, Repealed in 1969 
  • Maintenance of Integral Security Act (MISA) 1971, Repealed in 1978 
  • Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) 1974 
  • National Security Act (NASA) 1980
  • Prevention of Black Marketing And Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act (PBMSECA) 1980 
  • Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) 1985, Repealed in 1995 
  • Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPSA) 1988  
  • Prevention of Terrorism Act(POTA) 2002, Repealed in 2004
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